Wow, I’d love to see those mud glyphs some time. And thanks for the tip on that book, Bert, I’m going to see if that’s available on Amazon, or through some used book sites I check.
Here is a teaser:
Kentucky Archaeology by R. Barry Lewis The University Press of Kentucky, published 1996
18 KENTUCKY ARCHAEOLOGY
The Major Periods of Kentucky Archaeology
Paleoindian periods. The Paleoindian periods span the time from the first inhabitants of the Kentucky region around 10,000 B.C. until the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, or Ice Age, about 8,000 B.C. These people were nomadic, specialized big-game hunters and gatherers. Most of the big game they hunted was extinct by the end of the Pleistocene.
Archaic periods. There are three Archaic periods: the Early, Middle, and Late. The Early Archaic period spans the first two millennia after the Ice Age, or from roughly 8,000 to 6,000 B.C. The sites of these hunters and gatherers show many cultural effects of the shift toward a temperate environment. Nevertheless, Early Archaic tool assemblages still share many basic similarities with those of their Paleoindian ancestors.
The Middle Archaic period dates from 6,000 to 3,000 B.C. Communities were apparently more settled than in the past. There is evidence of such domesticated plants as squash and gourds in the states surrounding Kentucky, and it is reasonable to assume that these plants were also in use here. Technology became increasingly diversified.
The Late Archaic period, which extends from 3,000 to 1,000 B.C., is the best-known Archaic period in Kentucky, due largely to Webb's interest in the preceramic shell middens of the Green River region. The trend toward food production increased, but it remained only a supplement to hunting and
gathering for several more millennia. Regional stylistic traditions of tools and other artifacts can be delineated across Kentucky. Pottery began to be made and used in contemporaneous communities in the southeastern states that border Kentucky.
Woodland periods. There are three Woodland periods: the Early, Middle, and Late. Until recently, most archaeologists (e.g., Griffin 1967) viewed the Early Woodland period (1,000 to 200 B.C.) as a significant period of cultural innovations in which mound ceremonialism, agriculture, and pottery-making were introduced from other parts of North America. Archaeological investigations have now shown that mound building, domesticated plants, and pottery existed in parts of eastern North America before the Early Woodland period. In Kentucky, the Adena culture dominates much of Early and Middle Woodland archaeology. Adena is another of Webb's significant archaeological contributions. During his long career, Webb devoted much of his professional energy to the archaeology of Adena sites and published reports on the excavation of 16 Adena mounds and several syntheses of information about Adena (Schwartz 1967:89-96).
The Middle Woodland (200 B.C. to A.D. 400-500) in the midcontinental United States has become largely synonymous with the Hopewell culture, which archaeologists once viewed as the oldest of two so-called cultural climaxes in North American prehistory, the other being the Mississippi period, which is discussed below (Griffin 1967). Hopewell and other Middle Woodland cultures of the Midwest and Southeast hold interest for many people, if for no other reason than these are the archaeological remains upon which much of the Mound Builder myth was constructed.
The Late Woodland period (A.D. 400 to 900-1000) is the least known archaeological period in Kentucky prehistory. It was a period of great change in the lifeways of the inhabitants of Kentucky. The bow and arrow was probably introduced into the region during the Late Woodland. The drift toward
food production finally reached a critical point, and toward the end of the period, fully agricultural communities existed across much of the state.
Mississippi period. The late prehistory of western and southern Kentucky is largely that of Mississippian farmers. The chiefdoms of this period, which lasted from A.D. 900 to A.D. 1700, had a strong riverine focus, were fully agricultural, and built planned villages and towns that were often fortified. Archaeologists characterize these societies as being of the Mississippian cultural tradition.
Late Prehistoric period. Fort Ancient villages were still thriving communities when the first settlers appeared in the Ohio River Valley. Although similar in some respects to Mississippian farmers, archaeologists view Fort Ancient as a distinct entity in northern Kentucky and southern Ohio. To divorce this culture from Mississippian cultural connotations, Kentucky archaeologists often place Fort Ancient culture in a Late Prehistoric or Fort Ancient period.
Historic period. The archaeology of communities for which there is also documentary, or historical, evidence is a relatively specialized area. In Kentucky it finds application only in investigations of sites that were created after about A.D. 1700. Historic period archaeology in Kentucky is largely that of Euro-American settlers, and the temporal divisions of the period emphasize this non-Native American bias.